Piaget:
Jean Piaget defines cognitive development as how a child constructs a mental model of the world(through leaps and bounds). Piagets goal of the theory is to explain the mechanisms and processes by which the child, develops into an individual who can reason and think using hypotheses. Piaget has three basic components to his theory of cognitive development; the first one is schemas. Schemas is basically the building block of intelligent behavior, a way of organizing knowledge. It would be such as 'index cards' filed in the brain, each one telling us how to react to incoming stimuli or information. The second basic component is assimilation and accommodation. This is defined as viewed intellectual growth as a process of adaptation to the world. Assimilation can be further defined as using existing schemas to deal with a new object or situation. Accommodation is the direct opposite. Equilibration is included in this stage, the force that moves development along. This occurs when a child's schemas can deal with most new information through assimilation. Disequilibrium is an unpleasant state when new info cannot fit. Once new information is acquired the process of assimilation with new schemas will continue until the next time an adjustment is needed. So an example is a two-year-old see's a man who is bald on the top of his head with long frizzy hair on the sides. Horrified, to his father he shouts "clown, clown"(assimilation). Then the father explained that he was not a clown since he wasn't wearing a funny costume or doing silly things. With his new knowledge the boy was able to change his schemas of "clown" and make a better idea of this concept of a "clown"(accommodation). The third basic component is the stages of development. This is about a child constructing a mental model of the world. The first stage is the sensorimotor stage(birth-2 yrs) in which object permanence is established. The second stage is the pre-operational stage(2-7 yrs) in which symbolic thinking is established. The third stage is the concrete operational stage(7-11 yrs) in which logical or operational thought is established. Furthermore, the fourth and final stage is the formal operational stage(11- adulthood) in which abstract thinking and to logically test hypotheses is established. Each child attains the steps in the same order, no stage can be missed out, although there are individual differences in the rate at which children progress through these stages.
Maslow:
Abraham Maslow grew up with a strange childhood which would later shape who he was and what he developed as a psychologist. He was born on April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York to his parents, Samuel and Rose Maslow. His family soon became a family of 7 children which led to Maslow’s feeling of isolation and unhappiness in his childhood. His parents were Jewish immigrant from Russia and uneducated which also create potential problems for Maslow. Throughout his childhood, he was intensely sad and unhappy with his decisions while facing many hurdles. His parents caused problems for him while he was constantly indifferent and at odds with his father. His father was one to not push or help Maslow by belittling him for his lack of education and understanding. While his mom was around, she often did not care about Maslow and was cruel to him by locking the refrigerator and abandoning him. Both of his parents pushed him in the wrong direction with no success when Maslow soon discovered that he could be successful. When going to college, Maslow started out at City College of New York studying law which was this dad’s idea of success. Suddenly feeling that wasn't for him, his future was brightened by a psychology class he took when he transferred to Cornell University, forever changing his way for college. When finding that was his interest, he later transferred back to City College of New York to get his PHD in psychology. This allowed him to develop the “Hierarchy of Needs” theory by his early childhood treatment.
In Maslow’s “Hierarchy of Needs” theory, it was the motivational theory in psychology where people aim to meet the basic level of needs while striving for the higher level of needs. This is where it seems the human actions are directed towards goal attainment and behavior can satisfy several goals or ideas at one time, having multiple functions. He divides the ideal way into sections such as self-actualization, esteem, belongingness, safety, and physiological. From the bottom are your most basics needs such as air, food or water and as you go farther up the pyramid you get to the love, friendship, confidence and morality. Also, he affected psychology by his books of motivation, personality, takes on life and the management of it, and the psychology science itself. These books showed the way he viewed or thought life should be. These echoed his theory by the meeting a person’s basic needs then striving for higher needs. In the idea of fear, Maslow feels safety is meeting your basic needs and striving to be in the high needs so that you are beyond fear. When it comes to crime, he feels as long as you have met you basic needs the behavior you choose is what you decide, so if you don't meet the basic needs it may lead you to acting out. While his take on personality is similar to you are who you are by how you achieve the basic needs and what later needs to strive to overcome.
Freud:
Sigismund Schlomo Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiburg, Austrian Empire, which is now the Czech Republic. Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, which is a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and psychoanalyst. He was qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna and soon became an affiliated professor in 1902. In 1938, he left Austria to escape from the Nazis since he was born into a Jewish family. He died September 23, 1939 in Hampstead, London, at the age of 83.
When Freud began his study of medicine, it took him almost nine years to complete his studies because he had such a strong interest in neurophysiological research. Freud accomplished many experiments such as The Case of Anna O, The Unconscious Mind, The Psyche, Psychosexual Stages, and Dream Analysis. He also published multiple books including The Interpretation of Dreams, Civilization and its Discontents, The ego and the ID, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, and The Contributions to the Theory of Sex. Freud also had many different beliefs on the brain and how people function. He believed that fear is caused by childhood trauma. He also believed that crime/misbehavior and personality is developed and carried along throughout your life, beginning in your childhood as well.
Skinner:
B.F. Skinner is an american behaviorist. He had a lawyer father and became atheist after a christian teacher tried to assuage his fear of hell his grandmother described. His younger brother died at age 16, and his wife died in 1936. He attended college to become an english major but after writing for awhile he decided that his heart just wasn't with writing. He dropped out of Hamilton college and enrolled in harvard university to become a psychologist. After graduating he wrote books like Walden two, Verbal behavior, and the behavior of organisms. He developed the theory of operant conditioning, which is the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences. Reinforcements or punishments make it more or less likely that an event will occur again. He conducted an experiment called the “Skinner Box” which is when the animal is isolated and provided with a lever so that it learns to use to obtain a reward, such as a food pellet, or to avoid a punishment, such as an electric shock.
Jean Piaget defines cognitive development as how a child constructs a mental model of the world(through leaps and bounds). Piagets goal of the theory is to explain the mechanisms and processes by which the child, develops into an individual who can reason and think using hypotheses. Piaget has three basic components to his theory of cognitive development; the first one is schemas. Schemas is basically the building block of intelligent behavior, a way of organizing knowledge. It would be such as 'index cards' filed in the brain, each one telling us how to react to incoming stimuli or information. The second basic component is assimilation and accommodation. This is defined as viewed intellectual growth as a process of adaptation to the world. Assimilation can be further defined as using existing schemas to deal with a new object or situation. Accommodation is the direct opposite. Equilibration is included in this stage, the force that moves development along. This occurs when a child's schemas can deal with most new information through assimilation. Disequilibrium is an unpleasant state when new info cannot fit. Once new information is acquired the process of assimilation with new schemas will continue until the next time an adjustment is needed. So an example is a two-year-old see's a man who is bald on the top of his head with long frizzy hair on the sides. Horrified, to his father he shouts "clown, clown"(assimilation). Then the father explained that he was not a clown since he wasn't wearing a funny costume or doing silly things. With his new knowledge the boy was able to change his schemas of "clown" and make a better idea of this concept of a "clown"(accommodation). The third basic component is the stages of development. This is about a child constructing a mental model of the world. The first stage is the sensorimotor stage(birth-2 yrs) in which object permanence is established. The second stage is the pre-operational stage(2-7 yrs) in which symbolic thinking is established. The third stage is the concrete operational stage(7-11 yrs) in which logical or operational thought is established. Furthermore, the fourth and final stage is the formal operational stage(11- adulthood) in which abstract thinking and to logically test hypotheses is established. Each child attains the steps in the same order, no stage can be missed out, although there are individual differences in the rate at which children progress through these stages.
Maslow:
Abraham Maslow grew up with a strange childhood which would later shape who he was and what he developed as a psychologist. He was born on April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York to his parents, Samuel and Rose Maslow. His family soon became a family of 7 children which led to Maslow’s feeling of isolation and unhappiness in his childhood. His parents were Jewish immigrant from Russia and uneducated which also create potential problems for Maslow. Throughout his childhood, he was intensely sad and unhappy with his decisions while facing many hurdles. His parents caused problems for him while he was constantly indifferent and at odds with his father. His father was one to not push or help Maslow by belittling him for his lack of education and understanding. While his mom was around, she often did not care about Maslow and was cruel to him by locking the refrigerator and abandoning him. Both of his parents pushed him in the wrong direction with no success when Maslow soon discovered that he could be successful. When going to college, Maslow started out at City College of New York studying law which was this dad’s idea of success. Suddenly feeling that wasn't for him, his future was brightened by a psychology class he took when he transferred to Cornell University, forever changing his way for college. When finding that was his interest, he later transferred back to City College of New York to get his PHD in psychology. This allowed him to develop the “Hierarchy of Needs” theory by his early childhood treatment.
In Maslow’s “Hierarchy of Needs” theory, it was the motivational theory in psychology where people aim to meet the basic level of needs while striving for the higher level of needs. This is where it seems the human actions are directed towards goal attainment and behavior can satisfy several goals or ideas at one time, having multiple functions. He divides the ideal way into sections such as self-actualization, esteem, belongingness, safety, and physiological. From the bottom are your most basics needs such as air, food or water and as you go farther up the pyramid you get to the love, friendship, confidence and morality. Also, he affected psychology by his books of motivation, personality, takes on life and the management of it, and the psychology science itself. These books showed the way he viewed or thought life should be. These echoed his theory by the meeting a person’s basic needs then striving for higher needs. In the idea of fear, Maslow feels safety is meeting your basic needs and striving to be in the high needs so that you are beyond fear. When it comes to crime, he feels as long as you have met you basic needs the behavior you choose is what you decide, so if you don't meet the basic needs it may lead you to acting out. While his take on personality is similar to you are who you are by how you achieve the basic needs and what later needs to strive to overcome.
Freud:
Sigismund Schlomo Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiburg, Austrian Empire, which is now the Czech Republic. Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, which is a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and psychoanalyst. He was qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna and soon became an affiliated professor in 1902. In 1938, he left Austria to escape from the Nazis since he was born into a Jewish family. He died September 23, 1939 in Hampstead, London, at the age of 83.
When Freud began his study of medicine, it took him almost nine years to complete his studies because he had such a strong interest in neurophysiological research. Freud accomplished many experiments such as The Case of Anna O, The Unconscious Mind, The Psyche, Psychosexual Stages, and Dream Analysis. He also published multiple books including The Interpretation of Dreams, Civilization and its Discontents, The ego and the ID, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, and The Contributions to the Theory of Sex. Freud also had many different beliefs on the brain and how people function. He believed that fear is caused by childhood trauma. He also believed that crime/misbehavior and personality is developed and carried along throughout your life, beginning in your childhood as well.
Skinner:
B.F. Skinner is an american behaviorist. He had a lawyer father and became atheist after a christian teacher tried to assuage his fear of hell his grandmother described. His younger brother died at age 16, and his wife died in 1936. He attended college to become an english major but after writing for awhile he decided that his heart just wasn't with writing. He dropped out of Hamilton college and enrolled in harvard university to become a psychologist. After graduating he wrote books like Walden two, Verbal behavior, and the behavior of organisms. He developed the theory of operant conditioning, which is the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences. Reinforcements or punishments make it more or less likely that an event will occur again. He conducted an experiment called the “Skinner Box” which is when the animal is isolated and provided with a lever so that it learns to use to obtain a reward, such as a food pellet, or to avoid a punishment, such as an electric shock.